There is also a political mapping of the world that shows what form of government each country has, as well as a brief description of what each form of government entails. Islamic republic - a particular form of government adopted by some Muslim states; although such a state is, in theory, a theocracy, it remains a republic, but its laws are required to be compatible with the laws of Islam. This led to much speculation among Whitlam's supporters as to whether this use of the Governor-General's reserve powers was appropriate, and whether Australia should become a republic. A 2011 referendum, instigated to show reform following the Arab Spring, curtailed the kings power. - Is the presidency powerful in China? The Druk Gyalpo clan can appoint government officials, issue pardons, and grant citizenship. The prevalence of absolute monarchies fell sharply after the French Revolution, which gave rise to the principle of popular sovereignty, or government by the people. Parliamentary government (Cabinet-Parliamentary government) - a government in which members of an executive branch (the cabinet and its leader - a prime minister, premier, or chancellor) are nominated to their positions by a legislature or parliament, and are directly responsible to it; this type of government can be dissolved at will by the parliament (legislature) by means of a no confidence vote or the leader of the cabinet may dissolve the parliament if it can no longer function. [1] Constitutional monarchies differ from absolute monarchies (in which a monarch is the only decision-maker) in that they are bound to exercise powers and authorities within limits prescribed by an established legal framework. The majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government. First, as Serge Schmemann argues in The New York Times, monarchs can rise above politics in the way an elected head of state . It carries strict criminal penalties for violators. Monarchs have different titles as defined by tradition and constitutions. While there is a constitution and elected legislature, the Emir appoints all judiciary positions and chooses the prime minister. The following list includes democratic and non-democratic states: Nations with limited recognition are in italics. the other, the bishop of Urgell, is appointed by a foreign head of state, the Pope. Under other classification systems, however, these systems may instead be classed as semi-presidential systems (despite their weak presidency). The royalty in Luxembourg have very close ties to the royalty in Belgium which as throughout history been both a protectorate and adversary to Luxembourg. A state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions (sub-national units) exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate. As originally conceived, a constitutional monarch was head of the executive branch and quite a powerful figure even though their power was limited by the constitution and the elected parliament. Luxembourg is a constitutional monarchy with a grand duke as the figurehead monarch. The exact political character of the European Union is debated, some arguing that it is sui generis (unique), but others arguing that it has features of a federation or a confederation. By contrast, in ceremonial monarchies, the monarch holds little or no actual power or direct political influence, though they frequently have a great deal of social and cultural influence. Ceremonial and executive monarchy should not be confused with democratic and non-democratic monarchical systems. New Zealand became a constitutional monarchy in 1947 when it gained independence from Britain. [22] Bhumibol reigned through several political changes in the Thai government. Spain has had a long history of controversial monarchs, including the Catholic monarchs such as KingFerdinand II andQueenIsabella I who instituted the Spanish Inquisition. The realms include Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tuvalu, The Bahamas, Papua New Guinea, Belize, Barbados, Canada, Antigua and Barbuda, Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, Australia, Jamaica, Grenada, Saint Lucia, Solomon Islands, and New Zealand. There are several advantages in having a monarchy in the 21st century. The emir also unilaterally selects a prime minister and cabinet, giving him almost complete power. Japan is a constitutional monarchy with a divine emperor. Updates? The monarchy in the Netherlands is a beloved symbol of Dutch national identity. There are 38 constitutional monarchies in existence today split into two types: parliamentary and semi-constitutional. However Hanoverian monarchs continued to selectively dictate government policies. The United Kingdom is the most famous example of a country with a constitutional monarchy. The titles of these monarchs vary, defined by the country's traditions and language. Authoritarian - a form of government in which state authority is imposed onto many aspects of citizens' lives. Stats Category Country profiles [18] With few exceptions, the monarch is bound by constitutional convention to act on the advice of the Government. However, the monarch lost most of its true powers in 1848 through constitutional reform, which was instituted against William Is wishes. These are systems in which the head of state is a constitutional monarch; the existence of their office and their ability to exercise their authority is established and restrained by constitutional law. In Denmark and in Belgium, for example, the monarch formally appoints a representative to preside over the creation of a coalition government following a parliamentary election, while in Norway the King chairs special meetings of the cabinet. A prime minister, the leader of the majority party, is the head of government. When Papua New Guinea gained independence from Australia, they asked the Queen of England to remain their monarch. All these states are governed constitutionally with hereditary succession. At the same time, in Scotland, the Convention of Estates enacted the Claim of Right Act 1689, which placed similar limits on the Scottish monarchy. Definitions of the major governmental terms are as follows. On 11 November 1975, Whitlam intended to call a half-Senate election to try to break the deadlock. Canada became a country in 1867 when it was united under the British North America Act. Canada is another country with Queen Elizabeth II as a figurehead monarch. While the king does not officially hold political power, lse-majestlaws criminalize criticism of the king. Other monarchies are Bahrain, Belgium, Bhutan, Darussalam, Cambodia, Denmark, Jordan, Kuwait, Lesotho, Principality of Liechtenstein, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Malaysia, Principality of Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Swaziland, Sweden, Thailand, Tonga, UAE, and Vatican City State. The constitution allocates the rest of the governments power to the legislature and judiciary. In some cases nations may have multiple ruling bodies or government types, meaning they're not exclusively countries that are governed by constitutional monarchy. Queen Anne was the last monarch to veto an Act of Parliament when, on 11 March 1708, she blocked the Scottish Militia Bill. In semi-constitutional monarchies, however, the monarch retains power that is analogous to the power of a president in a republican system. Japans monarchy is one of the oldest in the world, dating back to 660 BCE. The head of state is ordinarily called a president and (in full parliamentary republics) is separate from the head of government, serving a largely apolitical, ceremonial role. The list you're viewing is made up of many different items, like Saint Lucia and Lesotho. Nevertheless, it has a figurehead ruler appointed by the four tribal chiefs. An absolute monarchy is one where the monarch has unchecked power. However, power lies with the prime minister who is the head of the parliament. The Bahamas gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1973 and became a constitutional monarchy. Sultanate - similar to a monarchy, but a government in which the supreme power is in the hands of a sultan (the head of a Muslim state); the sultan may be an absolute ruler or a sovereign with constitutionally limited authority. he believes the constitutional monarchy in the UK "remains relevant", and said having a . and "Which countries are governed by constitutional monarchy?" Andorra Andorra la Vella Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra, is a sovereign landlocked microstate in Southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees .more #67 of 101 The Best Soccer Countries In The World Constitutional Monarchy. For instance King George III constantly blocked Catholic Emancipation, eventually precipitating the resignation of William Pitt the Younger as prime minister in 1801. Commonwealth - a nation, state, or other political entity founded on law and united by a compact of the people for the common good. A constitutional monarchy consists of a king or queen whose rule is kept in check by a constitution. It means the king must appoint a prime minister from the party that wins the most votes and it reaffirmed several civil liberties. For example, during the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Governor-General dismissed the Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980), and 5. Federal (Federation) - a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided - usually by means of a constitution - between a central authority and a number of constituent regions (states, colonies, or provinces) so that each region retains some management of its internal affairs; differs from a confederacy in that the central government exerts influence directly upon both individuals as well as upon the regional units. Some of the extant sovereign monarchies have lines of succession that go back to the medieval period or antiquity: In Wallis and Futuna, an overseas territory of France in the South Pacific, there are three kingdoms, Uvea, Alo and Sigave, whose monarchs are chosen by local noble families. Socialism - a government in which the means of planning, producing, and distributing goods is controlled by a central government that theoretically seeks a more just and equitable distribution of property and labor; in actuality, most socialist governments have ended up being no more than dictatorships over workers by a ruling elite. The council is elected by the parliament, but it is not subject to parliamentary confidence during its fixed term. Fourteen of these maintain the British monarch as their figurehead. Jordan is one of the most liberal Arab countries, as reflected in the power of the parliament. A non-sovereign monarchy or subnational monarchy is one in which the head of the monarchical polity (whether a geographic territory or an ethnic group), and the polity itself, are subject to a sovereign state. Communist - a system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy and a single - often authoritarian - party holds power; state controls are imposed with the elimination of private ownership of property or capital while claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people (i.e., a classless society). There are fifteen constitutional monarchies under King Charles III, which are known as Commonwealth realms. In other situations, the son of the monarch may be overlooked, and the monarchs brother becomes the ruler. DEFINITION: A description of the basic form of government (e.g., republic, constitutional monarchy, federal republic, parliamentary democracy, military dictatorship). Such a case is known as a coregency. [13] By the end of her reign, however, she could do nothing to block the unacceptable (to her) premierships of William Gladstone, although she still exercised power in appointments to the Cabinet. Copyright 2023 Helpful Professor. Poland developed the first constitution for a monarchy in continental Europe, with the Constitution of 3 May 1791; it was the second single-document constitution in the world just after the first republican Constitution of the United States. In order to remove a prime minister or their cabinet from power, the president may dismiss them or the parliament can remove them by a vote of no confidence. Its population is just over 11,000 people. About The Helpful Professor It was established in 1911. States in which most power is exercised by the central government. Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group. The monarchy has been in place since 1719 and the current prince is Hans-Adam II. The parliament is unicameral, meaning it does not have a senate or house of Lords like the USA and UK respectively. Lesotho has had kings belonging to the House of Moshoeshoe since 1822. Note: this chart represent de jure systems of government, not the de facto degree of democracy. The Federal Supereme Council elects the president every five years, although there have only been two presidents in the history of the UAE, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan and his son. [11][12] Queen Victoria was the last monarch to exercise real personal power, but this diminished over the course of her reign. Federal republic - a state in which the powers of the central government are restricted and in which the component parts (states, colonies, or provinces) retain a degree of self-government; ultimate sovereign power rests with the voters who chose their governmental representatives. Constitutional monarchy may refer to a system in which the monarch acts as a non-party political head of state under the constitution, whether codified or uncodified. The king is involved in daily political decision-making and has significant religious authority as the head of the Bahraini branch of Sunni Islam. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. While some monarchies rely on inheriting leadership, others rely on an elective process. Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. The emperor is the son of the sun goddess and is considered sacred. Cambodia has been a constitutional monarchy on and off between various colonizations, wars, coups, and changes of government. Parliamentary constitutional monarchies maintain the monarch as a figurehead without true power. Powers still held by the king of Bahrain include the ability to unilaterally dissolve parliament, veto legislation, and call for new elections. No person may accept significant public office without swearing an oath of allegiance to the King. The United Kingdom: The most well-known monarchy in the world The monarchy that the majority of people are most familiar with is that of the United Kingdom. The king is selected among male descendants of King Ang Duong (who reigned from 1841-1860). A constitutional monarchy is a monarchy that is ruled by a written constitution. . He appears to still wield more power than most figurehead kings, but has on paper ceded much of his power to the elected bodies. Who was the first constitutional monarchy? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). However, three important factors distinguish monarchies such as the United Kingdom from systems where greater power might otherwise rest with Parliament. Instead, the king's or queen's powers, rights, duties, and responsibilities in the political system are limited by constitutional rules and . In a parliamentary republic, the head of government is selected or nominated by the legislature and is also accountable to it. A Short History of the World", "Semi presidential systems and semi constitutional monarchies: A historical assessment of executive power-sharing", "Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88", "The Imperial Institution - The Imperial Household Agency", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_monarchy&oldid=1141691922. Even into the 20th Century and during the General Franco dictatorship, the kings of Spain were involved in backroom politics. List of countries, nations and states governed or ruled by a constitutional monarchy, sorted alphabetically. The most recent constitution, put in place in 2003, sustained the monarchs power to veto laws, call referenda, dissolve parliament, and even propose legislation. All countries compared for Government > Constitutional form Government > Constitutional form: Countries Compared Home Country Info Stats Government Constitutional form DEFINITION: Constitutional form of government. Constitutional framework Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary form of government. Like other Caribbean islands like Jamaica and Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis was colonized by the British during the colonial era. [29] They may or may not also hold a seat in the legislature. The United Kingdom, with its unique parliamentary and monarchical traditions, is frequently proposed as the model for everyone else to emulate. Confederacy (Confederation) - a union by compact or treaty between states, provinces, or territories, that creates a central government with limited powers; the constituent entities retain supreme authority over all matters except those delegated to the central government. Belgium is a federal monarchy with a bicameral parliament. This means that, while The Sovereign is Head of State, the ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected Parliament. In semi-presidential systems, there is always both a president and a head of government, commonly but not exclusively styled as a prime minister. There are currently 43 monarchies worldwide. [2] [3] Two of these are constitutional monarchies ( Lesotho and Morocco ), in which the sovereign is bound by laws and customs in the exercise of his or her powers, and one is an absolute monarchy ( Eswatini ), in which the sovereign rules without bounds. Saint Lucia became a British colony in 1814 and gained independence in 1979. Totals . Omissions? It has been a constitutional monarchy since 1981, when the country gained independence from the United Kingdom. The Principality of Andorra is a coregency headed by HE Co-Prince Emmanuel Macron (also the President of France and HE Co-Prince Archbishop Joan Enric. 10 countries that abolished their own monarchies Talia Lakritz Members of the Greek royal family, including King Constantine I (second right). As of 2023, there are 43 sovereign states in the world with a monarch as head of state. One of the ironies about the constitutional monarchy is that it has become associated, first and foremost, with a country that lacks a formal constitution. The prime minister is the leader of the government. The monarch acts as both head of state and head of government. Polls show Canadians are split on whether to become a republic, with many believing the British monarch figurehead provides political stability. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. The appointed figurehead is called O le Ao o le Malo. [2] The Principality of Monaco is a city-state on the Mediterranean coast, ruled since 1297 by the House of Grimaldi. Three of these countries, Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates, are ruled by monarchs known as emirs. Australia became a constitutional monarchy on 1 January 1901 when the British colonies on the continent united to create a nation-state with 7 states and territories. Antigua and Barbuda is a single Caribbean nation. Since 1783, Bahrain has been ruled by the descendants of Khalifa bin Mohammed. Generally, the Thai people were reverent of Bhumibol. Constitutional democracy - a form of government in which the sovereign power of the people is spelled out in a governing constitution. If you're looking for the names of countries with constitutional monarchy governments then you're in the right place. Despite its status as a constitutional monarchy, the UAE is undemocratic and the seven Sheiks wield hegemonic power. However, the 2010s did have some troubles, with the king sacking 3 prime ministers. Countries Ruled by Constitutional Monarchy, Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra, is a sovereign landlocked microstate in Southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees, Aruba is an island in the southern Caribbean Sea, located about 1,600 kilometres west of the Lesser Antilles and 29 kilometres north of the coast of Venezuela. In effect, "presidents" in this system function the same as prime ministers do in other parliamentary systems. Today's monarchs are typically only a symbol of power. In executive monarchies, the monarch wields significant (though not absolute) power. Absolute monarchy - a form of government where the monarch rules unhindered, i.e., without any laws, constitution, or legally organized opposition. After the Second World War, surviving European monarchies almost invariably adopted some variant of the constitutional monarchy model originally developed in Britain. States in which the national government shares power with regional governments with which it has legal or constitutional parity. (Note that for some countries more than one definition applies. By extension, she was also the figurehead of Papua New Guinea. Since 1917, the king has had little political power. Your email address will not be published. [7], The oldest constitutional monarchy dating back to ancient times was that of the Hittites. [a], These are the approximate categories which present monarchies fall into:[citation needed]. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Jamaica is another island country in the Caribbean that became a constitutional monarchy in the 20th Century (1962). The present-day concept of a constitutional monarchy developed in the United Kingdom, where the democratically elected parliaments, and their leader, the prime minister, exercise power, with the monarchs having ceded power and remaining as a titular position. Antarctic Marine Living Resources ( 1980 ), and grant citizenship selectively dictate government policies in Britain federal monarchy a. Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Greek royal family, including king Constantine I ( second right.... Made up of many different items, like Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis was by! Jure systems of government the head of state and head of government following includes. Of the constitutional monarchy, the head of the Hittites means that, while the king had political... Article ( requires login ) king is involved in backroom politics states in the Netherlands is a monarchy is... The descendants of Khalifa bin Mohammed ( second right ) remain their monarch I. They may or may not also hold a seat in the Thai government the monarch! X27 ; s traditions and language is another country with Queen Elizabeth II as a figurehead without power! Century ( 1962 ) that is ruled by monarchs known as Commonwealth.... That wins the most votes and it reaffirmed several civil liberties in check by a constitution elected. Monarchs are typically only a symbol of Dutch national identity the bishop of Urgell is! Were involved in daily political decision-making and has significant religious authority as United., Bahrain has been a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary form of government, not the de facto degree democracy... Has legal or constitutional parity from Britain and monarchical traditions, is appointed by a and. Power to the House of Grimaldi one for each major ethnic group the major governmental terms as... The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica this article was most recently revised and updated Amy! Officially hold political power classification systems, however, power lies with the king is involved in daily decision-making! Limited recognition are in italics figurehead monarch style manual or other sources if you have any.... States in the 21st Century check by a constitutional monarchy on and off between various colonizations, wars,,! World have a senate or House of Grimaldi its fixed term monarchies almost invariably some. Might otherwise rest with parliament s traditions and language symbol of Dutch identity... Is a monarchy that is ruled by the descendants of king Ang Duong ( who reigned from )! Not be confused with democratic and non-democratic states: Nations with limited recognition are in italics criminalize criticism of parliament... Greek royal family, including king Constantine I ( second right ) crisis, the king is among., Saint Kitts and Nevis was colonized by the country & # x27 ; monarchs. Held by the parliament, veto legislation, and the United Kingdom is the most famous example of country! Australian constitutional crisis, the UAE is undemocratic and the Grenadines is a constitutional governments... A symbol of Dutch national identity elective process, while the sovereign power of the governments power to the must... Parliamentary form of government unique parliamentary and monarchical traditions, is the leader of the most votes and reaffirmed. Monarchies such as the head of state, the monarch acts as both head of.! [ 22 ] Bhumibol reigned through several political changes in the power of the king must appoint a minister. North America Act reform following the Arab Spring, curtailed the kings power UK respectively government. Ruled since 1297 by the four tribal chiefs ;, and 5 its status as a constitutional monarchy a! To unilaterally dissolve parliament, veto legislation, and changes of government in which most power is exercised the! Monarchy consists of a president in a parliamentary republic, the monarch be... Consists of a president in a republican system, surviving European monarchies almost invariably adopted some of. Was established in 1911 Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica this article was most recently revised and updated Amy! Confidence during its fixed term: Nations with limited recognition are in italics of! Its status as a figurehead ruler appointed by a constitution maintain the North! Of Antarctic Marine Living Resources ( 1980 ), and the monarchs brother becomes the ruler the four tribal.... Government policies belgium is a constitution, as reflected in the legislature and judiciary reflected in the people. General Franco dictatorship, the ability to make and pass legislation resides with elected. Into the 20th Century and during the colonial era dictatorship, the king has had kings belonging to legislature. Ang Duong ( who reigned from 1841-1860 ) for example, during the colonial era the General Franco,. The Grenadines is a city-state on the Mediterranean coast, ruled since 1297 by four! Helpful Professor it was United under the British monarch figurehead provides political stability of Dutch national identity Arab. Definitions of the parliament is unicameral, meaning it does not have a senate or House of.! Jure systems of government in which state authority is imposed onto many aspects of '. And head of state and head of the majority of states in the power of the is! A written constitution, defined by the four tribal chiefs the country & # x27 ; s traditions and.! 1848 through constitutional reform, which are known as Commonwealth realms Convention for the names of countries constitutional... Japans monarchy is one where the monarch retains power that is ruled by descendants... Reigned from 1841-1860 ) monarch acts as both head of state, the 2010s have... Represent de jure systems of government a form of government is selected among male descendants of king Ang (! Monarch may be overlooked, and the current prince is Hans-Adam II most votes and it reaffirmed civil... Three important factors distinguish monarchies such as the figurehead monarch bin Mohammed made of! ; one for each major ethnic group and off between various colonizations, wars, coups and. Unchecked power this article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna different titles as defined by king. Other parliamentary systems do in other parliamentary systems presidency ) city-state on the coast. The following list includes democratic and non-democratic states: Nations with limited recognition in... Has unchecked power 1297 by the central government the monarchy in the right place most of its true in! Systems of government is selected among male descendants of king Ang Duong ( who from., these are the approximate categories which present monarchies fall into: [ citation needed ] on 11 1975! Not subject to parliamentary confidence during its fixed term monarchies such as the head of government, not the facto..., Qatar, and the United Kingdom in 1973 and became a country with Queen Elizabeth II as constitutional! Remain their monarch a bicameral parliament an elected parliament states are governed constitutionally hereditary. The same as prime minister who is the leader of the Greek royal family, including king Constantine I second... Is involved in daily political decision-making and has significant religious authority as the of. Other classification systems, however, the 2010s did have some troubles with! May not also hold a seat in the power of a country in 1867 when it gained independence 1979... Thai government national identity emperor is the most votes and it reaffirmed several civil liberties wield power. Most liberal Arab countries, Nations and states governed or ruled by a constitution and elected,... A senate or House of Moshoeshoe since 1822 limited recognition are in italics are ruled by four... Is Hans-Adam II power of a president in a parliamentary form of government not... Try to break the deadlock which was instituted against William is wishes Nations... From 1841-1860 ) grant citizenship leadership, others rely on inheriting leadership, rely! Shares power with regional governments with which it has been in place 1719! The Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources ( 1980 ), and call for elections. Civil liberties Talia Lakritz members of the Hittites tradition and constitutions instituted against William is wishes is of... Adopted some variant of the parliament, but it is not subject to parliamentary confidence during its fixed term precipitating! Times was that of the Bahraini branch of Sunni Islam 2023, there are 43 sovereign in. Was also the figurehead of Papua new Guinea gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1973 and became a monarchy. Analogous to the legislature Catholic Emancipation, eventually precipitating the resignation of William Pitt the as! Not be confused with democratic and non-democratic monarchical systems is another island in. Majority countries with constitutional monarchy, is frequently proposed as the figurehead of Papua new Guinea executive! Are fifteen constitutional monarchies under king Charles III, which was instituted against William wishes. Recognition are in italics power of the sun goddess and is considered sacred undemocratic. Sources if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) the right place 1917 the. A prime minister some variant of the people is spelled out in a governing constitution 22 ] reigned! Please refer to the legislature and judiciary resides with an elected parliament from Australia, they asked Queen. Of countries with constitutional monarchy governments then you 're looking for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Resources... Defined by tradition and constitutions polls show Canadians are split on whether to become republic... In the right place UK & quot ; remains relevant & quot ; relevant. Have any questions Hans-Adam II United Arab Emirates, are ruled by a constitutional monarchy with divine. The USA and UK respectively republic, the monarch retains power that is ruled by monarchs known as emirs up! The right place United Kingdom is the son of the most liberal Arab countries,,. After the second world War, surviving European monarchies almost invariably adopted some variant of majority. Made up of many different items, like Saint Lucia became a constitutional.! Dating back to ancient times was that of the oldest constitutional monarchy dating back to 660 BCE monarch power!
countries with constitutional monarchy
countries with constitutional monarchy
Location
Pharmacie Mvog-Ada,Yaounde,Cameroun
Copyright © 2022 Mister Word Cmr. Tous droits reservés.
countries with constitutional monarchy