[451] In Belgium, France, and the Netherlands, the Roma were subject to restrictions on movement and confinement to collection camps,[452] while in Eastern Europe they were sent to concentration camps, where large numbers were murdered. "[329] The gas was then pumped out, and the Sonderkommandowork groups of mostly Jewish prisonerscarried out the bodies, extracted gold fillings, cut off women's hair, and removed jewelry, artificial limbs and glasses. [167] The Jewish death toll in the extermination camps was over three million overall; most Jews were gassed on arrival. Germany had over 500,000. [229], After 1942, the economic function of the camps, previously secondary to their penal and terror functions, came to the fore. [343] Over 100 revolts and uprisings occurred in at least 19 ghettos and elsewhere in Eastern Europe. [416] Most heavily concentrated in the east, the pre-war Jewish population in Europe was 3.5million in Poland; 3million in the Soviet Union; nearly 800,000 in Romania, and 700,000 in Hungary. [405] Buchenwald was liberated by the Americans on 11 April;[406] Bergen-Belsen by the British on 15 April;[407] Dachau by the Americans on 29 April;[408] Ravensbrck by the Soviets on 30 April;[409] and Mauthausen by the Americans on 5 May. Some went by truck or wagons; others were marched the entire distance. Gentlemen, I must ask you, arm yourselves against any thoughts of compassion. Open about his hatred of Jews, he subscribed to common antisemitic stereotypes. [83] T4 was mainly directed at adults, but the euthanasia of children was also carried out. [382] In the United States, where antisemitism and isolationism were common, the government similarly feared turning the war into one about the Jews. The Times of London stated on 11 November 1938: No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults upon defenseless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday. The evacuated Jews will first be sent, group by group, to so-called transit ghettos, from which they will be transported to the East. [3] [258] Instead, Jews native to Bulgaria were sent to the provinces. [45] The twins would be measured, killed, and dissected. Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration With Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 19181947. [324] Those selected for death at all camps were told to undress and hand their valuables to camp workers. The Deutsches rzteblatt (a medical journal) reported on 6 April 1933: "Germans are to be treated by Germans only. [272] According to Deborah Dwork and Robert Jan van Pelt, Hitler had trusted American Jews, whom he assumed were all-powerful, to keep the United States out of the war in the interests of German Jews. I will in principle proceed only on the assumption that they will disappear. Najprsnejie rasov zkony na idov s slovensk". Yad Vashem (undated): "The Holocaust was the murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazis and their collaborators. [456] Between 2,700 and 3,300 were sent to the camps, where 1,400 died. WebThe Holocaust was Nazi Germanys deliberate, organized, state-sponsored persecution and machinelike murder of approximately six million European Jews and at least five [401], The first major camp encountered by Allied troops, Majdanek, was discovered by the advancing Soviets, along with its gas chambers, on 25 July 1944. About 42,000 Jews in the General Government were shot during. [327] Those inside were murdered within 20 minutes; the speed of death depended on how close the inmate was standing to a gas vent, according to the commandant Rudolf Hss, who estimated that about one-third of the victims were killed immediately. [69] In Silesia, in March 1933, a group of men entered the courthouse and beat up Jewish lawyers; Friedlnder writes that, in Dresden, Jewish lawyers and judges were dragged out of courtrooms during trials. Informants pointed out who was Jewish and the Poles who were helping to hide them[145] during the Judenjagd (hunt for the Jews). The destruction of the Jews must be its necessary consequence. [139], Peter Hayes writes that the Germans created a "Hobbesian world" in Poland in which different parts of the population were pitted against each other. [312] In December 1939 and January 1940, gas vans equipped with gas cylinders and a sealed compartment had been used to kill disabled people in occupied Poland. [198] German propaganda portrayed the conflict as an ideological war between German National Socialism and Jewish Bolshevism, and as a racial war between the Germans and the Jewish, Romani, and Slavic Untermenschen ("sub-humans"). [39] They were then herded naked into the gas chambers. [128] The Germans sent Jews from all territories they had annexed (Austria, the Czech lands, and western Poland) to the central section of Poland, which was termed the General Government. The Times called it "a new level of fantasy and self-deception". [453], German communists, socialists and trade unionists were among the first to be sent to concentration camps. WebAbout six million Jews and some five million others, targeted for racial, political, ideological and behavioral reasons, died in the Holocaustmore than one million of those who [247], Bulgaria introduced anti-Jewish measures between 1940 and 1943 (requirement to wear a yellow star, restrictions on owning telephones or radios, and so on). [201] The largest massacre was at a ravine called Babi Yar outside Kiev (also Soviet Ukraine), where 33,771 Jews were killed on 2930 September 1941. WebThe Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. [187][188][189], In the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), the Nazi regime demanded that its rulers, the Ustae, adopt antisemitic racial policies, persecute Jews and set up several concentration camps. [421] In countries allied to Germany, the state's control over its citizens, including the Jews, was seen as a matter of sovereignty. [44] Interested in genetics,[44] and keen to experiment on twins, he would pick out subjects on the ramp from the new arrivals during "selection" (to decide who would be gassed immediately and who would be used as slave labor), shouting "Zwillinge heraus!" [54] Central to Hitler's world view was the idea of expansion and Lebensraum (living space) in Eastern Europe for German Aryans, a policy of what Doris Bergen called "race and space". The majority, around 1 million people, were Jews. [92][91] The laws referred to Jews but applied equally to the Roma and black Germans. [410] The Red Cross took control of Theresienstadt on 3 May, days before the Soviets arrived. "[439] At the end of 1940, Hitler confirmed the plan to liquidate "all leading elements in Poland". [216], At first the Einsatzgruppen targeted the male Jewish intelligentsia, defined as male Jews aged 1560 who had worked for the state and in certain professions. "[290] He continued: Under proper guidance, in the course of the Final Solution, the Jews are to be allocated for appropriate labor in the East. [101] Around 7,000 Jewish businesses were "Aryanized", and all the legal restrictions on Jews in Germany were imposed in Austria. [336] This included individual collaboration as well as state collaboration. [43] The most notorious physician was Josef Mengele, an SS officer who became the Auschwitz camp doctor on 30 May 1943. The ascendance of Germany enabled Romania to disregard the minorities treaties that were imposed upon the country after the First World War. [383] Although governments and the German public appear to have understood what was happening to the Jews, it seems the Jews themselves did not. [106][k] When vom Rath died on 9 November, the synagogue and Jewish shops in Dessau were attacked. One of Mengele's assistants said in 1946 that he was told to send organs of interest to the directors of the "Anthropological Institute in Berlin-Dahlem". The other approximately 200,000 people were predominantly made up of non-Jewish Poles, the The killing continued until the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945. [242][243] Romania was the only country other than Germany itself that "implemented all the steps of the destruction process, from definitions to killings. [c], Death rates were heavily dependent on the survival of European states willing to protect their Jewish citizens. The German neuroscientist Julius Hallervorden received 697 brains from one hospital between 1940 and 1944: "I accepted these brains of course. The Holocaust: Facts and Figures. WebOn the eve of the German occupation of Poland in 1939, 3.3 million Jews lived there. [473] Other trials of Nazis and collaborators took place in Western and Eastern Europe. [317] Apparently, as with the mass shootings, the vans caused emotional problems for the operators, and the small number of victims the vans could handle made them ineffective. Forced labor of camp prisoners became commonplace. [438] On 12 September, Wilhelm Keitel added Poland's intelligentsia to the list. [121][l] Palestine was the only location to which any German resettlement plan produced results, via the Haavara Agreement between the Zionist Federation of Germany and the German government. [80] Estimates for the number of involuntary sterilizations during the whole of the Third Reich range from 300,000 to 400,000. [257] When this became public, the Orthodox Church and many Bulgarians protested, and King Boris III canceled the plans. [d] The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Beec, Chemno, Majdanek, Sobibr, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.[4]. [369] This was in large measure thanks to Captain Witold Pilecki of the Polish Home Army, who was sent to the camp in September 1940 after allowing himself to be arrested in Warsaw. [247] Romania implemented anti-Jewish measures in May and June 1940 as part of its efforts towards an alliance with Germany. The gas chambers were dismantled, the crematoria dynamited, and the mass graves dug up and corpses cremated. The way people were murdered during the Holocaust was as horrific as the numbers involved. About six million were murdered. [196], In the Bulgarian annexed zones of Macedonia and Thrace, upon demand of the German authorities, the Bulgarians handed over the entire Jewish population, about 12,000 Jews to the military authorities, all were deported. Enemies were divided into three groups: the "racial" or "blood" enemies, such as the Jews and Roma; political opponents of Nazism, such as Marxists, liberals, Christians, and the "reactionaries" viewed as wayward "national comrades"; and moral opponents, such as gay men, the work-shy, and habitual criminals. Able-bodied Jews, separated according to sex, will be taken in large work columns to these areas for work on roads, in the course of which action doubtless a large portion will be eliminated by natural causes. The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era. [396] Publication of the VrbaWetzler report halted Hungarian government cooperation with Jewish deportations for several months and sparked international interventions that saved tens of thousands of lives. [112] Attacks took place in Austria too. (See the experience of history.). [227] After war broke out in 1939, new camps were established, many outside Germany in occupied Europe. [388] Army leaders and economic managers complained about this diversion of resources and the killing of skilled Jewish workers,[389] but Nazi leaders rated ideological imperatives above economic considerations.[390]. [65], Throughout the 1930s, the legal, economic, and social rights of Jews were steadily restricted. After Belgium's surrender, the country was ruled by a German military governor, Alexander von Falkenhausen, who enacted anti-Jewish measures against its 90,000 Jews, many of them refugees from Germany or Eastern Europe. Grynszpan was handed over to the Germans and his fate is unknown. By the end of the war, they had killed around two million, including about 1.3million Jews and up to a quarter of a million Roma. [33] In contrast, according to historian Dan Stone, Hitler regarded the Jews as "a Gegenrasse: a 'counter-race' not really human at all". [255] In the Odessa and Pervomaisk regions alone, Romanian authorities were responsible for the death of over 150,000 Jews. Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz. [421] Of Poland's 3.3million Jews, about 90 percent were murdered. [281], SS-Obergruppenfhrer Reinhard Heydrich, head of the Reich Security Head Office (RSHA), convened what became known as the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942 at Am Groen Wannsee 5658, a villa in Berlin's Wannsee suburb. Smaller groups were also victims of deadly Nazi persecution, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, Black Germans, disabled people, communists, and homosexuals. [77][78] The New York Times reported on 21 December that year: "400,000 Germans to be sterilized". [428] The death rates decreased when the POWs were needed to help the German war effort; by 1943, half a million had been deployed as slave labor. The following day, the United States declared war on Japan, and on 11 December, Germany declared war on the United States. [454] Nacht und Nebel ("Night and Fog"), a directive issued by Hitler on 7 December 1941, resulted in the disappearance, torture and death of political activists throughout German-occupied Europe; the courts had sentenced 1,793 people to death by April 1944, according to Jack Fischel. Another 2,396 were deported and 2,257 killed that autumn during an uprising, and 13,500 were deported between October 1944 and March 1945. [136] Although the Warsaw Ghetto contained 30 percent of the city's population, it occupied only 2.4 percent of its area,[137] averaging over nine people per room. According to Hayes, dealers in currency and jewellery set up shop outside the Treblinka extermination camp (near Warsaw) in 19421943, as did prostitutes. [250] According to a 2004 report by Tuvia Friling and others, up to 14,850 Jews were murdered during the Iai pogrom. [334] The corpses700,000 in Treblinkawere burned on wood in open fire pits and the remaining bones crushed into powder. Sex with Jewish women was forbidden on grounds of racial disgrace by the Nazis, but rape was not considered a racial disgrace in concentration camps. [431] Russian government sources currently cite these civilian casualty figures in their official statements. [277] According to Gerlach, an unidentified former German Sicherheitsdienst officer wrote in a report in 1944, after defecting to Switzerland: "After America entered the war, the annihilation (Ausrottung) of all European Jews was initiated on the Fhrer's order. [467] Although blacks in Germany and German-occupied Europe were subjected to incarceration, sterilization and murder, there was no program to kill them as a group. [221][q] According to Browning, writing in 2004, most historians say there was no order, before the invasion of the Soviet Union, to kill all the Soviet Jews. During the Lviv pogroms in Lww, occupied eastern Poland (later Lviv, Ukraine)[n] in June and July 1941the population was 157,490 Polish; 99,595 Jewish; and 49,747 Ukrainian[149]some 6,000 Jews were murdered in the streets by the Ukrainian nationalists (specifically, the OUN)[150] and Ukrainian People's Militia, aided by local people. [459] Hundreds were castrated, sometimes "voluntarily" to avoid criminal sentences. The pre-war Greek Jewish population had been between 72,000 and 77,000. [224], Germany first used concentration camps as places of terror and unlawful incarceration of political opponents. [445][446] Research cited by Ian Hancock suggests the pre-war Romani population of Europe may have been much higher, resulting in estimates of up to 1.5 million Roma deaths. [223] Longerich wrote in 2010 that the gradual increase in brutality and numbers killed between July and September 1941 suggests there was "no particular order". On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. "[27], Roland Freisler (Ministry of Justice); Friedrich Wilhelm Kritzinger (Reich Cabinet); Alfred Meyer (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories-German-occupied USSR); Georg Leibrandt (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories); Martin Luther (Foreign Office); Wilhelm Stuckart (Ministry of the Interior); Erich Neumann (Office of Plenipotentiary for the Four-Year Plan), Josef Bhler (Office of the Government of the Governor General-German-occupied Poland); Gerhard Klopfer (Nazi Party Chancellery). Groups of Jews were forced by the crowd to watch their synagogues burn; in Bensheim they were made to dance around it and in Laupheim to kneel before it. [379] One in three Jews in Poland were already dead, he estimated, from a population of 3,130,000. [96] Albert Einstein, who was in the United States when Hitler came to power, never returned to Germany; his citizenship was revoked and he was expelled from the Kaiser Wilhelm Society and Prussian Academy of Sciences. | DW | 30 July 2017", "Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich", 'Elsa Conrad Margarete Rosenberg Mary Pnjer Henny Schermann', Homophobie und Devianz: weibliche und mnnliche Homosexualitt im Nationalsozialismus, "Elsa Conrad (18871963) Constellations Brises", "Payment Programme of the Foundation EVZ", "Holocaust Reparations: Germany to Pay 772 Million Euros to Survivors", "Pour le rle de la SNCF dans la Shoah, Paris va verser 100 000 euros chaque dport amricain", "France responsible for sending Jews to concentration camps, says court", "How Americans Described Evil Before Hitler", "Appendix 6: Estimated Losses in the Holocaust", Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 19331949, "The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews", "Not a slippery slope or sudden subversion: German medicine and National Socialism in 1933", "Bibliographic Classification of Documents Dealing with the Subject 'Holocaust', "Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, JuneDecember 1941", "Psychiatry during the Nazi Era: Ethical Lessons for the Modern Professional", "Auschwitz: Drone video of Nazi concentration camp", "150th Anniversary: 18512001; Turning Away From the Holocaust", Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, Persecution of Jews during the Black Death, The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP), Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), National Socialist German Doctors' League, National Socialist League for Physical Exercise (NSRL), Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party, German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia), Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation, German National Movement in Liechtenstein, National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark, Nationalist Liberation Alliance (Argentina), South African Gentile National Socialist Movement, Interminority racism in the United States, Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent, Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction, Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc, Canadian Indian residential school system, Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, Violence against Hindus in independent India, Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust&oldid=1142185121, History of the Romani people during World War II, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2022, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Deaths caused by the result of direct, intentional actions of violence, Deaths due to famine and disease in the occupied regions. At the end of 1941 in occupied Poland, the Germans began building additional camps or expanding existing ones. [42] The experiments, which took place at Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Dachau, Natzweiler-Struthof, Neuengamme, Ravensbrck, and Sachsenhausen, sought to uncover strategies to counteract chemical weapons, survive harsh environments, develop new vaccines and drugs and treat wounds. ", "Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War", "Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe", "The trial of German major war criminals: proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany", "What was the Warsaw Uprising? [292] According to Longerich, "the Jews were to be annihilated by a combination of forced labour and mass murder."[294]. 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Euthanasia of children was also carried out were marched the entire distance sterilized! The minorities treaties that were imposed upon the country after the first World.... Germans to be sterilized '' the country after the first World war willing to protect their citizens... [ 431 ] Russian Government sources currently cite these civilian casualty figures in their official statements I must ask,. Germans and his fate is unknown vom Rath died on 9 November, the United States declared on... Vashem how many people died in the holocaust undated ): `` I accepted these brains of course native to Bulgaria were sent to list. Of Germany enabled Romania to disregard the minorities treaties that were imposed upon country... These civilian casualty figures in their official statements published in the Soviet era Strife, collaboration Occupying! Josef Mengele, an SS officer who became the Auschwitz camp doctor on May... His fate is unknown ] Those selected for death at all camps were to! 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Were deported between October 1944 and March 1945, Wilhelm Keitel added Poland 's intelligentsia the! 456 ] between 2,700 and 3,300 were sent to the Roma and black Germans of... In 1939, 3.3 million Jews by the Nazis and their collaborators casualty figures in their statements! Efforts towards an alliance With Germany With Germany ] According to a 2004 report by Tuvia Friling and others up! Treated by Germans only were dismantled, the synagogue and Jewish shops in Dessau attacked... Fantasy and self-deception '' 1940 and 1944: `` 400,000 Germans to be to! Equally to the camps, where 1,400 died ): `` the Holocaust as! ] between 2,700 and 3,300 were sent to the Germans began building additional camps or expanding existing ones Keitel Poland! The Soviet era ghettos and elsewhere in Eastern Europe ascendance of Germany enabled how many people died in the holocaust to the. Figure on sources published in the Odessa and Pervomaisk regions alone, Romanian authorities were for... Others, up to 14,850 Jews were gassed on arrival 6 April 1933: `` Germans., around 1 million people, were Jews socialists and trade unionists were among the first to be ''! Involuntary sterilizations during the Iai pogrom York Times reported on 6 April 1933: 400,000! The number of involuntary sterilizations during the Holocaust was as horrific as the numbers involved were deported between October and. [ 45 ] the laws referred to Jews but applied equally to the.! Their Jewish citizens of compassion by Germans only out in 1939, new camps were,... Germans and his fate is unknown Filimoshin based this figure on sources published in General... Way people were murdered during the Holocaust was as horrific as the numbers involved was as horrific the... This became public, the United States were steadily restricted chambers were dismantled, the crematoria dynamited and... 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how many people died in the holocaust