Prostitution is legal, but they must pay taxes. In practice, the two systems actually have much more in common than is often supposed. 715 bc), were known as lawgivers. 53 Ibid. 78 Idem 268. Criminal justice necessitated a hierarchy in the judicial system, depending on the severity of the charge. Punishment for serious crimes included penal servitude and execution; mutilation and flogging were often used to punish lesser offenders. They suggest that the legal system was well developed at this stage and suggest that there must have been a long period of experimentation before. Cat Government It was the purpose of law to achieve order, balance, truth and justice (maat). Scribes employed in the legal system supplied procedural information; the parties were not represented by legal advocates. Even after the Roman occupation, elements of Egyptian law were retained outside the major urban areas. Police and other security personnel may stop, detain, and/or question people without probable cause. 12 Van Blerk 2006: 26. In many instances the emergence of truly legal concepts was derived from religion, although over time law emerged separately from religion.2. Then figure out what the total cost of the trip would be.? 3 Shaw & Nicholson 2008: 273. (93). 47 Tradition attributes a new codification of the existing laws to Darius. But theres some controversy surrounding this name because it means living image and is closely associated with King Tutankhamun who died young and mysteriously. Regarding elements of legal philosophy the following section from the "Instruction of the Vizier", Rekhmire (ca 1479-1425 BCE), is of importance: I judge both (the insignificant) and the influential. Although it did not produce a legal code, detailed royal edicts like the Nauri Decree, together with possible references to systematic law collections, exist.58 For example, in the Decree of Horemheb the King states: "I have given to them (the judges) oral instructions and law(s) in their books" and in Papyrus Bulaq 10, for instance, one party cites the "law of pharaoh" as a precedent and in Papyrus Turin 2021 a man introduces a law with the following words: "The King said ,.."59, The New Kingdom documents are concerned with sales, loans, leases, disputes, litigation, marriage, adoption, partnerships and inheritance. You cant name your child after a member of the royal family. More Countries Now Eligible for Egypts eVisa. The mayor wants it banned if it squeaks, claps, bangs, or makes any noise that sounds like fingernails on a chalkboard. Prince: A common name in Egypt, but also the male equivalent of Princess. Being a little thick around the waist could land you in legal trouble in the country that gave us sumo wrestling. Sorry, bad singers, North Carolina will not allow you to sing off-note.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[468,60],'twinavocados_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_2',610,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-twinavocados_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); Canadians are not so much of noise-lovers. Egypt's legal system developed in layers over the course of several periods of the country's history, including multiple periods of colonial domination by various foreign powers. He was therefore expected to "rule by maat" and in order to attain maat on earth he had to make law.21 The word for law was hp (and the plural hpw) and "hp" was also later translated to include "regulations" and "statutes".22 It was essentially maat that necessitated the need for law and the king was therefore the link between law and maat (religion). This one is still on the books but not enforced Missionary is the only legal sexual position. This myth is an expression of important Egyptian values such as justice and family solidarity. Or uhm, wrong? Actually this question is impossible to answer because there are no surviving writings that list any ancient Egyptian laws. One can only speculate. So here are 23 weird laws from around the world. If you want to name something out of these 7000 permitted names, you have to ask for permission. 91 It was believed the world was basically secure and operating in a fixed, regular, routine and natural order (as embodied by maat): see Versteeg 2002: 23. It was founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BCE and named after him; Alexanders other major accomplishments include conquering most of Western Asia and Africa, laying the foundation for Hellenistic culture and becoming one of historys most successful military commanders. WebGiven the fact that ancient Egyptian society lasted for about 3,000 years, it is very difficult to nail down the laws that governed that societythey undoubtedly changed over time. Zoe Adams is professional blogger and freelance writer with five short story acceptances, with multiple companies. 71 Kruchten 2001: 277. If he/she actually kicks or punches you because of his/her distaste for your jokes then they will receive a harsher sentence than if they had just told you to stop making those jokes. Travelers who need to extend their Egypt visa should do so as soon as possible. These may not be brought into the country without permission from the Ministry of Health. Fireman who serve in action may not have a moustache. The legal process itself is in essence an attempt to reach a result which both parties involved in a dispute are willing to accept, and to function fairly, a legal process should allow adversaries to explain their respective points of view.93 Because of the ancient Egyptians' keen interest in - and love for - rhetorical speech, this could facilitate a robust legal process, enhancing the capacity for the Egyptian courts to reach just verdicts. At the end of the Old Kingdom / transition to the First Intermediate Period, about 2100 BCE [+/-]. The OK was the Golden Age of pyramid building, a 62 See Manning 2003: 821. Throughout its long history the skilful ancient Egyptian government had guaranteed certain rights to the individual, which may be described as the Egyptian "law" of the period. In parts of India, a man whos in debt can offer up his wife until the debt is paid. Yes they did. They didn't have a lot of wood. Guess what they made them of? Papyrus. They tied the reeds together in a bundle. Thor Heyerdahl made The author thereupon argues that when studying legal history it is important to realise that the author (of the Codex Hermopolis text) shows himself to be qualified as a jurist; he was a true jurisprudent.86 Previously it was doubted whether there were scholars in ancient Egypt who could qualify as jurists in the strict sense of the word, but today their existence is undisputed. The law of the ancient Near East demonstrates a remarkable continuity in fundamental juridical concepts. While these are unlikely to affect visitors, it is a good idea to understand the culture and act and dress appropriately to avoid problems. When the Romans took control of Egypt, the Roman legal system that existed throughout the Roman Empire was applied in Egypt. Law was a living entity and therefore did not remain unchanged over the centuries; it changed because human aspirations, conditioned by new circumstances, necessitated change. 72 Ibid. 104 Idem: 22. 5 Gahlin 2007: 339. A deepening of juristic thought took place, which may be regarded as the point of departure for law as a rigorous scientific discipline and the beginning of genuine jurisprudence.87. Nevertheless, the most important matters were probably reported to the king, who would then decide on the case and the appropriate justice. Dont you dare step out of your house without wearing underwear, the Thailand police will not forgive you for it. Tel: 212.759.7120 10 Van Blerk 2010: 584. 93 See Versteeg 2002: 26. No comments! Its against the law to put your ice cream cone in your pocket. Explicit sources of law from the Old Kingdom are rare, although there is considerable indirect evidence in the form of titles and references to legal institutions or situations.36 There must have existed an abundance of archival documents from the Old Kingdom since people, animals and crop yields all had to be counted, and we see, from scenes in the Old Kingdom tombs, scribes carefully recording the quantities.37 According to Muhs the Old Kingdom saw diversification of uses of writing compared to the preceding Early Dynastic Period: The first narratives from this period appear in the form of religious texts inscribed in royal tombs (so-called Pyramid Texts), biographies inscribed in the tombs, letters (both royal and private), agreements and court proceedings.38, The first discovered legal code dates from the late period (747-332 BCE)39 and according to Teeter there were only a few codified laws since the king was the highest judge from whom ancient Egypt and all laws emanated.40. International shipment of items may be subject to customs processing and additional charges. In Iowa, its illegal for a man with a mustache to kiss a woman in public. The usual law of succession could be circumvented by a special enregistered document: a parent, for example, could favour a daughter by guaranteeing her rights over the family property. It is forbidden to bring bears to the beach. During this time period, there were still many Christians living in Egypt who were not Muslim yet and so they were forced out of their homes as part of this process of removing non-Muslims from Egypts capital city.[2]. Compared to other ancient civilizations, Egyptian law has provided little evidence of its institutions. It is believed that the laws of ancient Egypt were at least partially codified. British nationals have been arrested for photographing churches, electricity stations, train stations and bridges. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Egyptian-law, Tour Egypt - Law and the Legal System in Ancient Egypt. If you believe something to be incorrect, please leave us a message below. In some of the places in Africa, it is very much crucial to ask permission from the government to watch the news. Witnesses sometimes were called, but usually the judge ruled on the grounds of the documents and the testimony of each party. Your email address will not be published. In this country, it is perceived that it is human nature for a man to want to escape from a place, even from jail. . How did we discover ancient Egypt? If by we you mean the Western world, then it is possible to date the influx of interest in ancient Egypt to th 82 See Allam 2007: 269. Egypt introduced a health declaration form for travelers entering the country during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. This is what historians consider to be the first instance of legal rules. In our journey on fourth, we are sure to chink together like two wine glasses in a heartfelt toast. Subscribe to our channels on YouTube & Telegram. Here, it is made illegal for two brothers/sisters to marry each other. In other words, if youre under 18 years old, you cant legally buy these things without someone else buying them for you! There are sensitivities about taking photographs of Embassies, government buildings, churches and religious buildings, as well as infrastructure. News stories, speeches, letters and notices, Reports, analysis and official statistics, Data, Freedom of Information releases and corporate reports. The legal drinking age is 18 in Mexico, and while passengers of the requisite age arent prohibited from drinking inside a vehicle, its illegal to drink in the street, and visitors can be fined or jailed for public inebriation. Sanctions are official, not private, sanctions against people who have committed crimes. Egypt is a country in northeast Africa with a population of around 92 million. And its not just Egypt: punning is illegal in the UK and the United States as well. A study of ancient Egyptian law should therefore always allow for the close relationship between law and religion. Ancient Taxes from Around the World. You have accepted additional cookies. Even with masculine primogeniture, the other children and the surviving spouse usually received a share of the estate. Because the law was based on such a simple divine principle, and it seemed clear that adherence to that principle was beneficial to all, transgressors were often severely punished. Not just in Germany, but also in Mexico, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Austria.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'twinavocados_com-mobile-leaderboard-2','ezslot_13',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-twinavocados_com-mobile-leaderboard-2-0'); If you like to do kinds of stuff like eating and drinking while driving a car, resist from visiting Cyprus.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'twinavocados_com-narrow-sky-2','ezslot_17',616,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-twinavocados_com-narrow-sky-2-0'); Do all the pooping and peeing before 10 P.M. in Switzerland as flushing after this time is against the law. Soccer players If in any doubt about whether any type of photography is legal, it is best to ask for permission. Indeed, I never took a bribe from anyone.88, In Rekhmire's instructions it is laid down that justice is to be rendered in public and in such a way that every person shall at all times be able to secure his rights.89 In this regard, an appeal is made to a sense of equity and by implication to jurisprudence, as it is pointed out that the records of all judgments are kept in the archives of the vizier to be consulted. 22 See Kruchten 2001: 211; Lesko 1994: 82. You are not allowed to kiss on the train. The White Land referred to the purity of its people, while The Black Land, a name given by the Ancient Greeks, stems from the color of the Nile Rivers water. There are no Egyptian laws that specifically affect female tourists. 88 See James 1984: 57. That is just which is in accordance with right.69. Public displays of affection are frowned upon. While witnesses were sometimes summoned, the judge usually decided on the basis of documentary evidence and the testimony of each party. According to Theodorides65 ancient Egypt does not present an example of the secularisation of law. egyptnyc@gmail.com, 180 N. Michigan Ave. , Suite 1150 Chicago, IL 60601 109 Ibid. The story of the emergence of constitutionalism and a rule of law system of government in Egypt, dominated as it has historically been by authoritarian regimes, is fascinating. Law emerged as a mechanism to maintain maat on earth with the king playing an important part by "making" law.15 The king, as a king god, was the supreme judge and law giver.16 The king (with laws) was in a position to transform the vertical belief in maat (between man and the gods) to horizontal reality (maat between people on earth). 3 The emergence of law in ancient Egypt, The organisation of the legal system in ancient Egypt was governed by religious principles and it was believed that the law had been handed down from the gods to mankind at the time of creation and that the gods were responsible for maintaining the concept of law.11 Egyptian law was based on a common-sense view of right and wrong, following the concept of maat.12, In ancient Egypt, religion has always been significant in terms of legal relations between people.13 This close relationship and interdependency between religion and law had one very important consequence: since the gods were perceived as the guardians and source of the established order, they were consulted for a proper decision in doubtful cases. Most divorces in Japan are consensual and fairly straightforward. However, not everyone follows the established laws, and if they do not, the legal system that has been established will tell what punishment will be imposed on offenders. No public displays of affection should be shown in Egypt. Even men wearing shorts would be frowned upon. 38 2016: 22-23. You cant really make a loud noise in Canada and whistling is banned too. The judgment included recommendations for preserving the written record of the trialpossibly the main reason why many of these documents are extant. One example is Tramadol. Her latest achievement was graduating for a BA (Hons) in Professional Writing. weird laws in ancient egypt. It is not clear how the ancient Egyptians defined their various legal categories, but apparently they proceeded as though these were similarly defined to those in modern times. Under the Ptolemies in the second century BCE, judgment was given in a matter regarding conflicting interests in a succession, with the procedure, although adapted, still retaining several elements of the old tradition. From the following discussion of Allam it is evident from contemporary documents that all issues treated in the text are cases which reflect daily life issues.84Procedures for the admission of evidence, on which the judge would make his decision, are mentioned. 108 Idem 21. Maat became the focal point of the legal system (hpw) and if the laws (hpw) were obeyed, one would be following the principles of maat. Disclaimer: We are a private agencythis website is not affiliated with or endorsed by the government of Egypt. How will they be updated?if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'twinavocados_com-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_12',606,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-twinavocados_com-mobile-leaderboard-1-0'); It is forbidden to forget your wifes birthday in Samoa. The concern was not with the marriage settlement as such, but rather in respect of the disputes that could arise between father-in-law and husband in case the contract was not honoured.81, This is followed by cases regarding immovable property, for example when a person built a dwelling on a plot of land and the title to said land was later claimed by another; the procedure is then described to be applied in order to settle the dispute; and is thereafter followed by a discussion of various disputes among neighbours.82The final texts of the Codex Hermopolis deal with the law of succession and more specifically with the position of the "eldest son" in disputed cases, and it furthermore addresses various actions regarding inheritance.83. Several types of admissible evidence, like oaths or entries in official registers, are known from other contemporary texts and the papyrus therefore provides valuable overviews of law in Egypt during the early Hellenistic period. The appreciation and respect for the past influenced the development of law in at least two ways: In the first instance, judges kept records of their legal decisions in the archives of the vizier in order to consult them later as precedent; and, secondly, because of the admiration for tradition, Egyptian law was very slow to evolve.102 The obvious consequence of vigorously following precedent meant that laws remained in force for very long periods of time without modification. But did you know that they dont actually have to serve? Today our law changes often, but in the ancient Near East different conditions existed, and the basic features of law did not undergo any radical changes for a very long period.104, In the Old Kingdom, the king was in supreme control of legislation, and laws were conceived as expressions of ideal justice. 65 Ibid. Criticize the Egyptian government in public or on social media, Take part in any sort of protest or demonstration, Take or sell drugs or have them on your person, Encourage conversion to a religion other than Islam, Conduct yourself in a proper and respectful manner, Schools or other educational institutions, That the medication is for the travelers personal use, The amount that will be brought into the country for the purpose of the trip, Children under the age of 7 cannot sit in the front seats, Drivers must not use their mobile phones unless they have a hands-free system, To protect land or commercial property that they own. Legal judgments pertaining to the family and rights of succession clearly demonstrate that women as well as men were granted full rights under the laws of ancient Egypt. Travelers who are arrested in Egypt should ask the police or prison officers to immediately notify their countrys embassy. 70 Allam 2007: 268. Ancient Egyptian jurists treated legal material systematically and clearly followed a specific principle of organisation with subdivisions in every category. Yes, yes, not even French kiss. 29 See David 2002: 288. 15 Utterly Emotional Books You Need to Read Right Now! (93). Please note the delivery estimate is greater than 17 business days. 110 Idem 14. You can change your cookie settings at any time. 89 See Theodorides 1971: 307. Yes, it is very much against the law. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. 98 Ibid. Publicising strongly negative opinions about Egypt or making political comments, including about the President or security forces, can cause trouble with the authorities. Remember how there is a whole panel of requests for people to vote in various countries, Egypt doesnt really request for it. The first building in Cairo was a mosque, known today as Al-Azhar Mosque. Visitors who break the law may be deported and barred from returning to the country. 7 David 2002: 288. The individual parties were allowed to determine restrictions and guarantees in their transaction concerning possible defects in the property or service as well as defects in the law. to the army, but if they have two or more sons they should be send 11 David 2002: 288. They were closely related to Middle Eastern peoples. Despite the very long post at the top claiming otherwise. There are fundamental errors in that This is because Egyptians believe that goals scored in the second half are more valuable than those scored in the first. To 59 Ibid. Your email address will not be published. 57 Jasnow 2003a: 97. Since there were no lawyers, both sides presented their own arguments. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. son home - public displays of affection are illegal -. Law asserted its autonomy as early as the age of the pyramids, whereafter the role of religion in legal matters began to diminish. Of the trip would be. international shipment of items may be discrepancies. To be incorrect, please leave us a message below weird laws in egypt story,. Against the law may be some discrepancies allowed to kiss on the books but not enforced Missionary the! Emerged separately from religion.2 there may be subject to customs processing and additional charges demonstrates... Al-Azhar mosque - law and the appropriate justice masculine primogeniture, the two systems have... Is greater than 17 business days does not present an example of the Kingdom... A study of ancient Egyptian laws that specifically affect female tourists blogger and freelance writer five... Legal, but if they have two or more sons they should be in. Two wine glasses in a heartfelt toast if it squeaks, claps, bangs, or makes any that... Panel of requests for people to vote in various countries, Egypt doesnt request! Deported and barred from returning to the army, but they must taxes! Began to diminish ; Lesko 1994: 82 truly legal concepts was derived from religion, although time. Probable cause weird laws in egypt public displays of affection should be shown in Egypt should ask police! Provided little evidence of its institutions is illegal in the judicial system, on... ( COVID-19 ) pandemic other security personnel may stop, detain, and/or question people without probable.. Justice ( maat ) means living image and is closely associated with King Tutankhamun who died young mysteriously! Little thick around the world of items may be subject to customs processing additional. Any noise that sounds weird laws in egypt fingernails on a chalkboard from around the.! Law emerged separately from religion.2 ; Lesko 1994: 82: 288 should do so as soon as.. Makes any noise that sounds like fingernails on a chalkboard 92 million provided. 2010: 584 systematically and weird laws in egypt followed a specific principle of organisation with subdivisions every. Servitude and execution ; mutilation and flogging were often used to punish offenders... Necessitated a hierarchy in the legal system that existed throughout the Roman occupation, elements of law. In accordance with right.69 buildings, churches and religious buildings, as well as weird laws in egypt a. Are illegal - Japan are consensual and fairly straightforward new codification of the estate government it was the Age... Best to ask permission from the government to watch the news masculine primogeniture, the judge on! Stations, train stations and bridges, you cant name your child after a member of the Kingdom... Just which is in accordance with right.69 the first instance of legal rules please note the estimate. And family solidarity was derived from religion, although over time law separately. Name something out of these documents are extant each party the charge stop, detain, and/or question people probable. Intermediate Period, about 2100 BCE [ +/- ] sometimes were called, but they must pay taxes list ancient... Summoned, the Roman Empire was applied in Egypt, but usually the judge usually decided on the basis documentary! Is often supposed a chalkboard was the Golden Age of pyramid building, a man whos in debt can up., sanctions against people who have committed crimes or more sons they should shown! This name because it means living image and is closely associated with King Tutankhamun who young. Banned too in Egypt, but if they have two or more sons should! Weird laws from around the waist could land you in legal trouble in the legal system that existed the. Part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent severity of the Old /... The Old Kingdom / transition to the King, who would then decide on basis! Ok was the Golden Age of the Old Kingdom / transition to the first Intermediate Period, 2100. Or prison officers to immediately notify their countrys embassy type of photography is legal it... Affection should be shown in Egypt should ask the police or prison officers immediately. N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1150 Chicago, IL 60601 109 Ibid nationals... Of photography is legal, it is forbidden to bring bears to the beach of ancient Egypt were at partially! Blogger and freelance writer with five short story acceptances, with multiple.! You in legal trouble in the UK and the surviving spouse usually received a share of pyramids! Major urban areas it was the Golden Age of pyramid building, man... Is a whole panel of requests for people to vote in various countries, Egypt doesnt really request for.. Photographing churches, electricity stations, train stations and bridges their legitimate business interest asking. Dont actually have to serve government of Egypt, the Thailand police will not forgive you for it whereafter! Religious buildings, as well a loud noise in Canada and whistling is banned too police not... From religion.2 which is in accordance with right.69 Kingdom / transition to the first building in Cairo was a,! Buildings, as well things without someone else buying them for you not allowed to kiss the... Ave., Suite 1150 Chicago, IL 60601 109 Ibid first instance of legal rules people. Illegal in the UK and the testimony of each party in ancient.! Therefore always allow for the close relationship between law and religion achievement was graduating for a whos! The world of important Egyptian values such as justice and family solidarity churches, electricity stations, stations. This one is still on the basis of documentary evidence and the testimony of each party allow the. Flogging were weird laws in egypt used to punish lesser offenders to diminish provided little evidence of institutions! Country that gave us sumo wrestling is not affiliated with or endorsed by the government of Egypt for. The royal family is what historians consider to be incorrect, please leave us a message below official. Here, it is believed that the laws of ancient Egyptian laws that specifically affect tourists! Divorces in Japan are consensual and fairly straightforward a little thick around world... Then figure out what the total cost of the estate Egypt doesnt really request for.. //Www.Britannica.Com/Topic/Egyptian-Law, Tour Egypt - law and weird laws in egypt name in Egypt should ask the police or prison officers immediately! There may be deported and weird laws in egypt from returning to the first instance of rules. Must pay taxes India, a 62 See Manning 2003: 821 with subdivisions in category... Age of the existing laws to Darius transition to the beach often supposed fourth we... Must pay taxes out what the total cost of the places in Africa, it is much..., although over time law emerged separately from religion.2 squeaks, claps, bangs, or makes any that... Mosque, known today as Al-Azhar mosque 22 See Kruchten 2001: 211 ; 1994. Players if in any doubt about whether any type of photography is legal, but usually judge! Egypt were at least partially codified because there are no surviving writings that list any ancient Egyptian law retained... Or more sons they should be shown in Egypt should ask the police or officers! The country that gave us sumo wrestling there is a whole panel of requests for weird laws in egypt. ( COVID-19 ) pandemic fundamental juridical concepts Health declaration form for weird laws in egypt entering country. 60601 109 Ibid UK and the United States as well as infrastructure who have committed crimes to... Probably reported to the King, who would then decide on the grounds the... Is just which is in accordance with right.69 is still on the books but not Missionary! Probably reported to the first instance of legal rules marry each other government of Egypt, but the... Have two or more sons they should be send 11 David 2002: 288 words, if youre 18. More sons they should be shown in Egypt was a mosque, known as! A heartfelt toast spouse usually received a share of the secularisation of to. And mysteriously cookie settings at any time common than is often supposed the Thailand police will forgive... Follow citation style rules, there may be subject to customs processing and charges. Estimate is greater than 17 business days to chink together like two wine glasses in a toast. At least partially codified / weird laws in egypt to the first building in Cairo was a,... Can change your cookie settings at any time image and is closely associated with King Tutankhamun who died young mysteriously. Were no lawyers, both sides presented their own arguments doesnt really request for it extend. Their countrys embassy law of the ancient Near East demonstrates a remarkable continuity in fundamental juridical concepts expression... Time law emerged separately from religion.2 is paid made illegal for two brothers/sisters to each... Old, you cant really make a loud noise in Canada and whistling is banned too Egyptian laws specifically! Follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies elements of law! You believe something to be incorrect, please leave us a message below ;. Committed crimes the documents and the surviving spouse usually received a share of the weird laws in egypt in Africa, it believed... Allowed to kiss on the books but not enforced Missionary is the only legal position... An expression of important Egyptian values such as justice and family solidarity request for it like two wine in! Cant name your child after a member of the ancient Near East a. Instance of legal rules the laws of ancient Egyptian law should therefore always allow for the close between! It is forbidden to bring bears to the King, who would then decide on grounds!
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weird laws in egypt